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Attentional retraining
〔Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N. A., Leibenluft, E., . . . Pine, D. S. (2010). Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety. Biol Psychiatry, 68(11), 982-990. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.021〕Attentional retraining is the retraining of automatic attentional processes. The method of retraining varies but has typically employed computerized training programs.〔Macleod, C., Soong, L., Rutherford, E. M., & Campbell, L. W. (2007). Internet-delivered assessment and manipulation of anxiety-linked attentional bias: Validation of a free-access attentional probe software package. Behaviour Research Methods, 39(3), 533-538.〕〔Gray, J., Robertson, I., Pentland, B., & Anderson, S. (1992). Microcomputer-based attentional retraining after brain damage: A randomised group controlled trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2(2), 97-115. DOI: http://dx.doi.org.lrc1.usuhs.edu/10.1080/09602019208401399〕 The term originally indicated retraining of attention to rehabilitate individuals after a brain injury who suffered from neurological disorders of attention including hemineglect, perseveration, limited attention span, and even ADHD. However, in more recent research and clinical applications attentional retraining has also been applied as a type of cognitive bias modification.〔Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N. A., Leibenluft, E., . . . Pine, D. S. (2010). Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety. Biol Psychiatry, 68(11), 982-990. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.021〕 In this application, attentional retraining refers to the retraining of automatic attentional biases that have been observed in high levels of anxiety.
== Neuropsychological rehabilitation applications ==
Computerized approaches to cognitive rehabilitation rose out of the recreational use of video games in the 1970s and the rise of the personal computer in the 1980s. The increased availability of personal computers and accessible programming languages allowed for researchers and clinicians to begin experimenting with computerized cognitive training.〔Lynch, B. (2002). Historical review of computer-assisted cognitive retraining. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 17(5), 446.〕 Most tasks consisted of simple and repetitive training tasks that would increase in difficulty over time. In one such task participants must sit and observe on screen randomly presented numbers and push a buzzer when they see a specific digit - say, 3.〔Sohlberg, M., & Mateer, C. (1987). Effectiveness of an attention-training program. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9(2), 117-130.〕 Similar tasks were developed and administered to individuals demonstrating neuropsychological impairment in areas of attentional processing. The theorized mechanism of action in this approach to cognitive retraining rests on the ability of the generally trained task (recognizing and responding to numbers presented on screen) can generalize to attentional processes employed in everyday life.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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